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  • #19577
    Keith Richardson
    Participant
      @keithrichardson77867
      Dhow Construction Project
      My Hobbies for many years have been computing, sailing and model airplane construction. Sailing to escape from a high-pressure job, model airplanes were with my grandchildren and science students, and computing was a passion. Now retirement has arrived and I have the time to do the things I always wanted, but did not have the time. But what? A long-term project, yes, and something that would both indulge interests and stretch imagination, knowledge and skills. Yes: design and build a… sailing boat! But, where lay challenge, as many such designs were available, and I had for years sailed a 14ft catamaran so knew about conventional sails and how to use them. I needed to shift out of my comfort zone.
      A glance around the nautical world took me to the “Dhow”, from India, Arabia and East Africa, beautiful and with a sail configuration foreign to me. Decision made: I would design, build and sail a dhow, with radio control and an electric motor to safely bring the model home when all else failed.
      And so the following questions arose:
      1. Were there any existing dhow design plans out there that I could use? None found. Why? It appeared the craftsman skills of dhow design and construction were handed down from father to son over countless generations. Priding themselves on not requiring plans, they follow dhow-construction tradition and meet the capacity, produce and trading route requirements of each sponsoring merchant.
      2. Were there any photos of dhows? Yes, plenty, so I collected over 100 and studied them closely for hull shape: side-view, plan-view and cross-section. Rigging was explored, mast/s (size and angle), yards (like booms but at the top), sail shape and sheet arrangements, and standing rig to support mast etc.
      3. How does one control a dhow’s sailing direction, trim for running and tacking, and go about? I foresaw a problem here, as the way the mainsail hung beneath the yard on the port side, for example, free of the mast, would have it bearing against the mast on the opposite tack – not a good look as the sail-shape would be compromised. Many days of searching the web brought scant results, asking at the local sailing club drew a blank, then I located a reference to the out-of-print book “The Dhow – An Illustrated History of the Dhow and its World”, by Clifford W. Hawkins. Eureka! Solid gold. Answers found, and much more.
      4. How to create a set of plans from which to scratch-build? First I explored available 3D boat design software, finally selecting FreeShip2.6 from sourceforge.net for its availability, strong support base of users, low price (free), and relative ease-of-use. (With previous experience with 3D programs I felt confident, and this proved to be the case.) I chose non-chine (chines seemed to be absent in dhows), then adjusted to 20 stations, a healthy beam size, and significantly raised bulwarks forward and starboard (as many dhows displayed). Mast position, size and slope was approximated from many photographs, as was yard length and position of tilt-attachment point.
      One problem I encountered was how to enlarge the printed product from 20 cms to 100 cms long retaining a high degree of accuracy. Using Photoshop, I created a sequence of vector pathways following each of the lines on the plan, particularly the bulkhead shapes and the side-view. Each pathway was then precisely enlarged by the same factor. And from them 1 pixel wide lines were drawn, each on its own separate layer. Thus sharp, accurate plans were produced. To ensure exact symmetry of the bulkheads, I worked initially with only the port side half, and once enlargement was completed, copied the half-pathway, flipped horizontally the new bit, moved it and aligned to the centerline of the first.
      5. How to control the dhow via RC? I drew up a list of changes I would need to be able to make (motor speed/direction), rudder changes, mainsheet setting, forward-sheet setting, yard-foot control via back-sheet, yard elevation adjustment up and down mast. These I then translated to the number of channels required, and put it to one side for later consideration. Not an area of expertise, I trust that the space available will be plenty, and the hull construction sufficiently strong to cope with a variety of servo locations.
      6. How to build-in propeller and driveshaft, and electric motor of what suitable size? Allowance made based on rough sizes located on Internet, and final decisions left till later. This is not a strong area for me, so I will try to work generically here and refine details later during installation phase.
       
      There seems to be a length limit for each posting, so I will work further on creating this thread. Keith. 

      Edited By Keith Richardson on 21/03/2009 04:49:32

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      #6548
      Keith Richardson
      Participant
        @keithrichardson77867
        #19578
        Keith Richardson
        Participant
          @keithrichardson77867
          7. Construction approach? Several model boat construction forums were consulted – wonderful! Planking would be employed, triple layer for strength with the middle layer running across the inner and outer layers’ grain. I would use balsa (selection for hard and strong) gluing with hot glue gun, the wood being heated and compressed to maximize spread and penetration before its rapid setting. Bulkheads – 20, made of double and triple layered balsa. Keel, stem and stern posts from 2cm pine with long straight grain pinned with dowell and hot glued. A horizontal deck was established so that each bulkhead would be supported at three points for maximum strength and warp resistance. Outer skin may be fiberglass, but not yet decided. Mast, spars, yard would be of layered straight-grain wood, possibly bamboo, but not yet decided. The mast needs to be rigid, the yard tapered with controlled flexibility, spars relatively inflexible. The mast would be seated in a fixed support tube so that it can be easily removed for transport/storage/repair. I am exploring the idea of a pivoting tube for mast rake adjustment, a feature used by some dhows to allow trim adjustment of centre-of-force location along the boat’s hull.
          Orientation? Some plank upside-down and others right-side up. I will build a support chassis to allow for both, holding the model rigid yet able to be rotated on my workbench.
          A removable false keel was suggested by Colin Bishop of Model-Boats Forum for the following reason: “when you scale down a sailing boat, the sail area reduces by the square root of the original but the displacement reduces by the cube root so the relative proportions of the model are very different to the full size ship and it is relatively over-canvassed”. He also suggested how it might be attached, so I will definitely go along with his advice. More designing needed here.
          Images shot during design and construction with comments.
           
          Next I will upload some photos with comments. Keith
          #19579
          Keith Richardson
          Participant
            @keithrichardson77867

             

            Dhow001-full-plan
            Typical output from FreeShip2.6, with side-view at top. The red horizontal line (1750) positions the central horizontal spine, part of the strong skeleton of the dhow. Below this lie the forward and aft sets of bulkhead shapes, each being only half – these are duplicated later on ensuring symmetry. On the bottom is the plan view. Note the DWL (design water line) suggested by the program. How close this will be remains a matter of conjecture at this stage.

             

            Dhow002-side-view-full-size
            Shows a marble-topped workbench (completely flat – great for accurate assembly) and full-size side-view for keel construction.

             

            Dhow-003-transfer-keel-design
            Keel design is transferred to pine stock, bulkheads being located with awl-holes, including depth for bulkhead-keep junctions.

             

            Dhow-004-rough-cut-keel
            Initially keel shape is cut out roughly. Here it is laid onto plan to check accuracy.

             

            Dhow-005-cross-grain-cuts
            Removal of excess wood is by cross-grain cuts down to finish-line for future chiseling. Oh for a bandsaw!
             
            More to come…
            #19580
            Keith Richardson
            Participant
              @keithrichardson77867

              Dhow-006-chisel-away-excess
              With keel held firmly in vice, the excess wood is chiseled away prior to final finish with spokeshave.

              Dhow-007-join-stem-keel-wide
              A relatively deep stem-post was cut for a diagonal join with the keel, to maximize strength.

              Dhow-008-join-stem-keel-close
              Stem is shaped roughly with saw following gluing then rounded with plane. This joint will be strengthened by pinning with a dowel glued in.

              Dhow-009-pinned-joint
              The keel is stepped up at the stern to allow for future installation of propeller and shaft. The step-keel joint is glued then double-pinned with dowels at different angles. The pencil lines show the direction for each dowel-hole. Using hot-glue, that sets rapidly, requires speed and sureness, aided by the work being held firmly in a vice.

              Dhow-010-pinned-joint-close
              Here the double-pinned joint can be clearly seen.

              #19581
              Keith Richardson
              Participant
                @keithrichardson77867

                 

                Dhow-011-complete-keel-stem-stern
                From the left, sternpost, aft-step, keel, stem-post at bow. The entire keel assembly is roughly 100cms long. The position of each of the 20 bulkheads is marked on the keel.

                 

                Dhow-012-bulkheads
                Four of the bulkheads. These are made from 2 or 3 layers of balsa with grain at 90 degrees, glued with hot-glue-gun after the wood has been warmed then compressed rapidly under a steel weight. The upper horizontal will support the horizontal skeleton structure. Rising above these can be seen the bulwarks that are quite small here amidships, but grow considerably to stem and stern. The central cavity will be removed later in construction, remaining filled at this stage for future flexibility and strength.

                 

                Dhow-013-triple-ply-bulkhead
                Wood grain in the triple-ply, is horizontal, diagonal, vertical to maximize strength. The balsa has been selected for straight, dominant grain and strength and hardness. Balsa is extremely variable.

                 

                Dhow014-starwheel-marking
                I found a dressmaker’s starwheel great for transferring shape to next layer of balsa for creating cross-grain ply.

                 

                Dhow015-Transferring-From-Plan
                Rather than cut out paper shape and glue to wood, a starwheel transfers the external shape well through paper onto wood beneath.

                #19582
                Keith Richardson
                Participant
                  @keithrichardson77867

                   

                  Dhow016-aft-bulkhead-pile1
                  To get a feel for how the bulkhead part of the project was progressing, I piled the aft set keeping centerlines aligned, and the deck supports horizontally aligned. Here it is viewed from topside.

                   

                  Dhow017-aft-bulkhead-pile2
                  Aft bulkhead pile viewed from starboard.

                   

                  Dhow018-aft-bulkhead-pile3
                  Aft bulkhead pile viewed from aft-port lower quarter. The regularity of the shape change can be observed – so far so good.
                   
                  That’s all for now. Will add more when progrewss has been achieved.
                  Keith
                  #19590
                  Paul T
                  Participant
                    @pault84577
                    Keith
                     
                    All I can say is fantastic and what a super build this is going to be.
                     
                    How do you find working with FreeShip2.6?
                     
                    Paul
                     
                    #19635
                    Keith Richardson
                    Participant
                      @keithrichardson77867
                      All bulkheads now complete!

                      Dhow019
                      19 completed bulkheads stacked, viewed from below, forward aspect. The broad shape of the hull may be perceived, as can the sweeping curve of the hull shape. Next task will be to attach all bulkheads to the keel-stem-stern skeleton. My challenge is to devise a workable set of guides to ensure accuracy and squareness.
                       

                      Dhow020
                      The same stack of bulkheads viewed from above-forward. The level deck can be seen, as can the bulwarks, high forward and aft, and low amidships.
                       

                      Dhow021
                      Bulkhead stack viewed from directly overhead – its symmetric accuracy may be judged here, as can my somewhat crude cutting-out. Most of these surfaces will be covered once construction is complete. I plan to cut away parts of the bulkheads and deck for the fitting of RC gear, electric motor & battery, and drive shaft & propeller. I would like to keep the structure relatively rigid during skeleton assembly and planking, to reduce warping under stress. It will be interesting to see how it progresses.

                      #19636
                      Bob Abell 2
                      Participant
                        @bobabell2
                        Hello Keith
                         
                        I had the same problem when building my Louis Heloise!
                         
                        I temporarily glued cross struts across the top edge with the centreline maked and used a flexible straightedge to line them up……………and that solved the problem……..Bob
                         

                        #19727
                        Keith Richardson
                        Participant
                          @keithrichardson77867
                          Bob, that is so beautiful! No wonder we give boats female names (not a practice in the Arabian Dhows, by the way!). BTW – what wood have you used for each of these bulkheads?
                          Many thanks for posting this great photo!
                          Regards, Keith
                          #19732
                          Bob Abell 2
                          Participant
                            @bobabell2
                            Hello Keith
                             
                            Glad you liked the LH skeleton……………..the frames are cheapo 3/8th plywood and the planks are Obechie…………..I`ve enclosed the next stage of my build, you may find it useful…………..the complete build is in my gallery btw………………Bob
                             

                            #20096
                            vnkiwi
                            Participant
                              @vnkiwi
                              Hi Bob,
                              love the old dhows, any chance of getting a copy of the 3DCAD file or hard copy of drawings. I also have some ship design software (Delfship).
                              As you say, drawings on dhows is very much non-existant, similar with the old wooden scows I am presently modelling. All built by master boatbuilders a hundred years ago, no plans, only a few drawn by modellers or restorers taking measurements from whats left of the actual craft.
                              Dhows and other small wooden coastal craft of asia and the middle east is high on my project list.
                              Thanks for the build, keep up the good work
                              HarryD
                              (vnkiwi)
                              #20100
                              Bob Abell 2
                              Participant
                                @bobabell2
                                Hello Harry,
                                Thanks for the compliment, but Keith is the Dhow builder……..I was just showing Keith the build similarities with his Dow and my Louis Heloise construction
                                 
                                Bob
                                #20108
                                Keith Richardson
                                Participant
                                  @keithrichardson77867
                                  Hi Harry (and thanks for the ‘correction’ Bob).
                                  Harry, I would be happy to post the full size jpeg plan for you, plus the full size jpegs of the bulkheads, but it will be for my project, not Bob’s. Just let me know what you are seeking.
                                  Keith
                                  PS Bob, I like the clamp-stand you have made for your developing build – might use the concept if you don’t mind.
                                  Keith
                                  #20128
                                  vnkiwi
                                  Participant
                                    @vnkiwi
                                    Hi Keith,(and Bob)
                                    My apologies to you both for getting things so wrong, can’t think of any suitable excuse, apart from, that it just wasn’t my day yesterday.
                                    I find both your  posts most interesting, and will be following this thread with real interest. As a lad, I built quite a few balsa boats, plank on frame, hard chine sheet etc, and have only in the last year or two come back to boats after all to long away from modeling, apart from brief excursions into model cars and r/c planes.
                                    I am currently about 90% of the way through building a pair of r/c ‘footy-scows’ both named ‘ALMA’ the originals built around 100 years ago. One in the USA, the other NZ. For my next build I would like to build a dhow, as I just love the beautiful way they look as they glide along with all sail set, hence the request for a copy of your drawings if possible. From the thumbnail you have posted, and the photos so far, you appear to have captured the essence of the craft. I will pm you my email address, and thank you.
                                    After the dhow, I would like to model a coastal fishing craft from the Asian area of Thailand, Malaysia and Viet Nam.  Viet Nam especially has such a range of sailing craft making the transition from the dhow style at the south through to the junk style in the north. I’m refering here to the traditional sailing fishing boats which over the last 30 years are fast disappearing from the region.Enough from me, just to say I will follow and learn from you both, while I undertake my own dhow.- HarryD
                                     
                                    #20169
                                    Keith Richardson
                                    Participant
                                      @keithrichardson77867
                                      Hi Harry – email winging its way across the seas to you, as requested.
                                      Keith
                                      #20238
                                      Trakka
                                      Participant
                                        @trakka
                                        Hi all!
                                         
                                        There are some great pictures and stories in Tim Severin’s book “The Sindbad Voyages” involving dhows. As is his wont, Severin insists on conducting voyages on traditionally made boats, and this dhow is a ripper! Not an iron nail in sight.
                                         
                                        Hopefully useful info.
                                         
                                        Cheers,
                                         
                                        Andrew
                                        #20250
                                        Keith Richardson
                                        Participant
                                          @keithrichardson77867

                                           

                                          Attaching Bulkheads to keel-stem-stern-post assembly.

                                          Much deep thought preceded this next critical step in the construction of “Keith’s Dhow I” (Yes, it now has a name! People have been communicating with me about it, requesting plans etc, and I felt that a name was necessary, and this is what I have been calling it in my development folders, to identify it from the many other dhow images I have been collecting. I must give special thanks to Bob Abell, who gave me the confidence to proceed with his images of his “Louis Heloise” during construction. My biggest concern was to avoid twist, keep each bulkhead square to the centerline and vertical to the keel.

                                          Dhow22

                                          Bulkheads A9 and A10 glued into position. The sternpost, visible here and below, provides a centering-guide for the bulkheads.

                                          Dhow23

                                          Here you can see the rear keel step providing clearance for a propeller.

                                          #20251
                                          Keith Richardson
                                          Participant
                                            @keithrichardson77867

                                             

                                            Dhow24

                                            The depth of recess cut to allow the bulkheads to fit correctly over the keel, is checked directly on the full-size plan. The red line is the horizontal deck location. Here bulkhead A8 is being checked and corrected.

                                            The correct depth of cut

                                            Dhow25

                                            Two pieces of straightedge aluminum strap were joined to fit neatly between stern post and stem post at bow. This will be used to align the marked centre point on each bulkhead, as well as set it at the correct height. The straightedge will be rotated 90 degrees, and glued into position (temporarily of course).

                                            Dhow26

                                            The same straightedge looking forward.

                                            #20252
                                            Keith Richardson
                                            Participant
                                              @keithrichardson77867

                                               

                                              Dhow27

                                              Straightedge aligned to centre mark on stempost.

                                              Dhow28

                                              Ditto on sternpost.

                                              Dhow29

                                              Now oriented vertically, the straightedge has positioned 12 of the 20 bulkheads.

                                              Dhow30

                                              #20253
                                              Keith Richardson
                                              Participant
                                                @keithrichardson77867

                                                 

                                                Dhow31

                                                An angled gusset is glued between each bulkhead and keel to maintain its verticality. This was measured both vertically and horizontally using a setsquare. The hold may be seen under a horizontal deck support – this will be cut away once planking is complete. Size is planned to fit a propeller shaft, motor with battery, 4 channel radio receiver, servos and servo batteries.

                                                Dhow32

                                                16 bulkheads now glued into position, the role of the straightedge clearly visible.

                                                Dhow33

                                                19 bulkheads later, the developing lines of the hull become apparent.

                                                Dhow34

                                                “Keith’s Dhow I” has been designed with a horizontal deck, and bulwarks low amidships and rising to bow and stern, hopefully to keep decks relatively dry as boat enters and leaves swells.

                                                #20254
                                                Keith Richardson
                                                Participant
                                                  @keithrichardson77867

                                                   

                                                  Dhow35

                                                  Construction is assisted by this jig – keel supports have been glued vertically to a flat and true baseboard. The ship can be slipped in and out easily, yet is still held quite firmly.

                                                  Dhow36

                                                  Here the keel has been lifted completely away from its supporting brackets.

                                                  Forward Planning.

                                                  Prior to planking, I plan to glue a deck into position (permanent or temporary undecided, but I want the bulkheads well supported for planking). At the bow, I will roughly fashion two half-blocks of balsa against which have been glued port and starboard halves of bulkhead F10, standing proud beyond the presumed thickness of the complete planking – the balsa blocks can then be trimmed to run true, at both bow and stern.

                                                  Hold Planning.

                                                  As may be seen in photo “Dhow31”, an interior space will be lined and capped to make it relatively waterproof. I plan to insert buoyancy foam into many of the bulkhead cavities both aft and forward.

                                                   

                                                  Dhow37

                                                  Settee Sail Rigging.

                                                  From many photos of dhows under sail, I have come up with this design. The mast is raked forward, the yard articulated loosely with a figure-of-eight around the mast, raised to the mast top by pulley. The foot of the yard can be pulled in to the base of the mast for going about to an opposite tack (through a gybe). Sheet arrangements yet to be determined.

                                                  A Unarig, designed by Footy expert, NZ Brett, has inspired me to try his approach as well. More on this with a later post.

                                                   

                                                  #20393
                                                  Pierre
                                                  Participant
                                                    @pierre
                                                    Hi Keith
                                                    Dhow is starting to take shape and looking good!
                                                    Keep up the good work!
                                                     
                                                    I’ve lost interest in this site (too many old Mother Grundies) but found this reference to a zebec which you might find interesting :
                                                    I’ll pop in occasionally to see the progress of the dhow!
                                                    Best regards
                                                    Pierre
                                                    #20511
                                                    Keith Richardson
                                                    Participant
                                                      @keithrichardson77867
                                                      Thank you Pierre – interesting link, to an excellently built model!
                                                      Regards, Keith
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