Sean. Various MFA boats, slightly larger than yours use a Torpedo 850 motor, this appears normally to be mated to a 50mm X type 2 blade prop. Your 600 motor is possibly (depending on type) not quite as powerful at the 850, but I recon will be spinning much faster. So,,,a 40 ish mm prop should do you, it is always best to start smaller, as putting too large a prop on an engine will start to overload it and pull far too many amps, ruining your motor,and endurance. 2 blade "racing" type that is. Must be some fast-electric bods out there to advise???
As to propeller shaft length, you first have to decide where you are going to mount the motor, what length of coupling you will use, and where the prop is going to be sited at the under-end of the boat (nautical term!). Once these factors have been decided, then get a bit of dowel approximately the same diameter of your intended propeller tube, tape a 50mm disc to simulate a prop the end of it and poke the other end through ther hole you have left for the shaft . positioning the motor in its intended position, line the stick up with the motor shaft, allow for the coupling length, position the dummy prop, made oversize to allow for other sizes to be trialled and mark the stick at a point near the end of where the coupling stops an hey presto ! the length you need is …not known… as prop shafts come in "standard" sizes, so you will have to then consult a list of sizes and pick one approximately suitable for your boat, and permanently site the motor to suit. Personally I would allow space for a 50mm prop to be fitted, just in case.
Personally again., for a fast boat I would make the rudder reach to just below the prop. You can always cut a large rudder down a bit if the turning performance is a fierce.I assume here that you are not worried about a scale prop/rudder appearance>? Ashley